Stalinism: Assad’s Best Friends Forever

 

A commentary on a joint international initiative of Stalinist parties

 

By Michael Pröbsting, International Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT), 3 July 2019, www.thecommunists.net

 

 

 

A large number of major Stalinist parties have recently published a joint statement on Syria. [1] It is an undisguised declaration of support for the Assad regime. This capitalist dictatorship, based on the Assad family clan and stemming from a small sect, has ruled Syria with an iron fist for almost fifty years. Since the beginning of the popular uprising in March 2011 – a component part of the Arab Revolution – the regime has massacred hundreds of thousands of people in order to keep itself in power. [2]

 

The 50 signatories to the statement include the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, AKEL in Cyprus, the official Communist Parties of Brazil, Britain, Bangladesh, Chile, Czech Republic, Greece, Israel, Portugal, Turkey and the USA. Other signatories are the Tudeh Party of Iran and, significantly, the Syrian Communist Party and the Syrian Communist Party (Unified). Many of these parties have a presence in national parliaments or have been part of government coalitions. Even small groups like the Communist Party (Italy), the German Communist Party, or the Party of Labor of Austria are among the signatories. [3]

 

This statement is significant as it demonstrates once more the counter-revolutionary nature of Stalinism. The statement begins with the bizarre assertion: “For the past eight years, the people of Syria have defended their motherland, decisively and heroically. They have manifested a remarkable and honourable resistance, that hasn’t ceased for one moment in these years, despite the unmeasurable suffering they have been dragged into. It has already had its place in the great history of humanity.

 

As a matter of fact, the Syrian people peacefully demonstrated in spring and summer 2011 to bring down a dictatorship fronted by the Assad family. This was part of a region-wide process – from Morocco and Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Bahrain to Yemen. But the Assad tyranny was determined to fanatically drown the protests in blood. As a result, the revolution has been transformed into a civil war against the regime. It is characteristic of their anti-popular character that the Stalinist signatories of this statement cravenly slander the mass uprising and praise the state terrorist repression as “heroically defense of their motherland”.

 

The Stalinists’ support for the Assad regime is also reflected in the following sentence: “We express our deep and unconditional solidarity with the working people of Syria, and their vanguard communist parties.” These two “vanguard communist parties” are the Syrian co-signatories of the joint statement – the Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash) and the Syrian Communist Party (Unified). These parties have nothing to do with socialism. They have loyally supported the capitalist dictatorship of Assad for decades. They have a few seats in parliament as they are part of the ruling “National Progressive Front” – a coalition of parties dominated by Assad’s Baath party. This parliament is, of course, a caricature even by bourgeois standards. The ruling coalition has 200 of the 250 seats and the rest are held by so-called “independents”. There is not even a pseudo-opposition in Assad’s parliament.

 

It is beyond doubt that the Stalinists’ plan to send a “solidarity mission” to Damascus will be another cheerleading effort for Assad’s tyranny.

 

Another instance of Stalinist hypocrisy is the statement: “As the following communist and workers’ parties, we denounce in the strongest way possible the imperialist intervention of US and its allies, that has created one of the greatest tragedies of the 21st century. (...) We demand the end of imperialist aggression and we fully respect the independence, full sovereignty and the integrity of the national territory of Syria. We emphasize once again that the decision regarding the future of Syria belongs only to peoples of Syria.

 

Indeed, there is an ongoing aggression of US imperialism and its allies in Syria taking place. This includes their military support for the Kurdish YPG/SDF in Eastern Syria under the pretext of the struggle against “ISIS terrorism”. Using the cover of “war against terror”, the Western imperialists destroyed a number of cities in Syria and Iraq (Mosul and Raqqa have been largely annihilated) and killed thousands of civilians. [4]

 

However, the Stalinists never protested this Western aggression! Quite the opposite, they – as well as many liberals, anarchists and pseudo-Trotskyists – have consistently hailed the YPG/SDF despite their character as foot soldiers of U.S. imperialism. [5]

 

No, for the Stalinists this is not “imperialist aggression”. Such aggression only occurs when Trump denounces the regime in Damascus and lobs a few rockets that wind up destroying a few empty Syrian Army warehouses! [6]

 

The Stalinists also slanderously claim that the popular rebellion since 2011 has been a “CIA conspiracy” and an “imperialist proxy war”. As we have demonstrated repeatedly U.S. imperialism never lent any significant support to the rebels and has no interest in a popular revolution against the regime. [7]

 

There is, however, another ongoing and massive imperialist aggression in Syria. This is the never-ending bombing campaign conducted by Russia against the insurrectional Syrian people. But, unsurprisingly, such a military aggression is not denounced by these “defenders of working people” but rather hailed and supported! As we have shown in various publications, many of these parties openly cheer Russia’s military intervention in Syria! This is not surprising since most of the Stalinists claim that the regimes in Russia and China are “anti-imperialist” and “progressive”. As a result they support their political and military interventions. [8]

 

The close relationship of the Stalinist parties with capitalist and imperialist regimes is also evident from the composition of the leadership of the Stalinist international association. At a meeting of the “Working Group of the International Communist and Workers' Meeting” in early June delegations from the ruling parties of China, Vietnam, Cuba, South Africa and North Korea were present together with a number of the parties that signed the Syria statement. [9]

 

The Stalinists’ song of praise for Syria’s “independence and full sovereignty” contains a touch of the absurd. In actual fact, it’s the Assad regime that is selling the country to Russia, Iran and China. It is this regime that has brought hundreds of thousands of Iranian and Russian troops into the country and handed over to them military, air and naval bases, etc.! [10]

 

We conclude by reaffirming once more that the Syrian Revolution has been and remains a legitimate popular uprising. The RCIT has supported this war of liberation from the beginning and continues to do so. [11]

 

In contrast, the latest statement of the Stalinists confirms once more the utterly counter-revolutionary character of this current. Stalinism is the antithesis to socialism. These parties are social-imperialist supporters of Russia and China as well as flag bearers of capitalist dictatorship like the one of the Assad clan. The Stalinist tumor within the international workers movement must be excised once and for all!

 

 

 



[1] Joint Statement on Syria, 18.6.2019, http://solidnet.org/article/Joint-Statement-on-Syria/

[2] See on this e.g. Michael Pröbsting: Syria: Who is Responsible for the Civilian Death Toll from March 2011 to September 2018? A Revealing Statistic Shows Who are the Real Terrorists in the Syrian Civil War, 10.10.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/syria-who-is-responsible-for-the-civilian-death-toll-from-march-2011-to-september-2018/

[3] For a complete list of the signatories see at the end of the statement at the link provided above.

[4] See on this e.g. Yossi Schwartz: Raqqa: Defeat the US Imperialist Offensive! An assessment of the US/SDF/YPG war against Daesh, April 2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/us-offensive-in-raqqa/; Yossi Schwartz: Down With the New Imperialist Attack on Iraq and Syria! The Renewal of the Imperialist War and the Tasks of the Workers Movement, 2.10.2014, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/us-war-in-iraq-and-syria/

[5] See on this e.g. Michael Pröbsting: The Revelations of a U.S. General on Washington’s Allies in Syria. Another Blow to the Stalinist Myths about the Character of Syrian Liberation Fighters and the Role of the Kurdish SDF/YPG, 27.10.2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/revelations-of-u-s-general-on-washington-s-allies-in-syria/; Kissing the Feet of the Saudi Chainsaw-Crown Prince. On the Shameful Response of the Kurdish YPG on the Killing of the Saudi Journalist Kashoggi, 20.10.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/the-shameful-response-of-the-kurdish-ypg-on-the-killing-of-the-saudi-journalist-kashoggi/

[6] See on this e.g. RCIT: Down with Imperialist Warmongering of All Great Powers! Syria attack, Protectionist Tariffs and Salisbury poisoning: Against all imperialist diplomatic, economic and military aggression! In U.S., EU, Russia and China: The Main Enemy is at Home! Support democratic and national liberation struggles of oppressed people! 13.04.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/syria-down-with-imperialist-warmongering-of-all-great-powers/; ISL: On Trump’s attack on Syria, 15.04.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/on-trump-s-attack-on-syria/;

[7] See on this e.g. Michael Pröbsting: “We Worried that the Assad Regime Might Finally Collapse”. New revelations about the approach of U.S. imperialism to the Assad regime, 15.05.2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/us-official-we-worried-that-the-assad-regime-might-finally-collapse/; How U.S. Strategists View the Syrian Revolution. Revealing Insights from some Documents of the U.S. Military Intelligence Establishment – Another Confirmation of Our Warnings, 25.09.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/how-u-s-strategists-view-the-syrian-revolution/; High-Ranking U.S. Delegation Meets Assad’s Security Chief. How Big Gangsters and Small Gangsters Negotiate to Get a Deal, 30.08.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/high-ranking-u-s-delegation-meets-assad-s-security-chief/; U.S. Imperialism Wants to “Re-Engage” with the Assad Tyranny. Comment on an Article by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter published in the New York Times, 28.08.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/u-s-imperialism-wants-to-re-engage-with-the-assad-tyranny/

[8] See on this e.g. chapter XXIV. “The Left Facing Great Power Rivalry: Pro-Eastern Social-Imperialists (Stalinists)” in Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, January 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; see also part 2 of Michael Pröbsting: Syria and Great Power Rivalry: The Failure of the „Left“. The bleeding Syrian Revolution and the recent Escalation of Inter-Imperialist Rivalry between the US and Russia – A Marxist Critique of Social Democracy, Stalinism and Centrism, 21 April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/

[9] CP of Turkey - CP of Greece, Ιn Izmir, the 21st International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties, 12.6.2019 http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Turkey-CP-of-Greece-n-Izmir-the-21st-International-Meeting-of-Communist-and-Workers-Parties/

[10] See on this e.g. Ahmad Rafat: IRGC Commander Claims 200,000 Iran-backed Troops In Syria, December 31, 2016 https://kayhanlife.com/translated-features/irgc-commander-claims-200000-iran-backed-troops-in-syria/; AFP: Russia says over 63,000 troops have fought in Syria, August 22, 2018, https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-says-over-63-000-troops-fought-syria-141424820.html; see also Michael Pröbsting: 63,000 Troops. Russian Imperialist Forces back up the Reactionary Assad Regime in Syria, 27.08.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/63-000-russian-troops-in-syria/

[11] The RCIT has published a number of booklets, statements, and articles on the Syrian Revolution that can be accessed on a special sub-section of this website: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/collection-of-articles-on-the-syrian-revolution/. In particular we refer to RCIT: Save the Syrian Revolution! A call for international solidarity with the Syrian people in Idlib suffering from the barbarous onslaught by Assad and Putin! 04 June 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/call-save-the-syrian-revolution/; Michael Pröbsting: Is the Syrian Revolution at its End? Is Third Camp Abstentionism Justified? An essay on the organs of popular power in the liberated area of Syria, on the character of the different sectors of the Syrian rebels, and on the failure of those leftists who deserted the Syrian Revolution, 5 April 2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syrian-revolution-not-dead/; Michael Pröbsting: World Perspectives 2018: A World Pregnant with Wars and Popular Uprisings, February 2018, Chapter V, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/worldperspectives-2018/chapter-v/; Michael Pröbsting: Syria and Great Power Rivalry: The Failure of the „Left“. The bleeding Syrian Revolution and the recent Escalation of Inter-Imperialist Rivalry between the US and Russia – A Marxist Critique of Social Democracy, Stalinism and Centrism, 21 April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/.

 

아사드의 스탈린주의 치어리더들

 

국제 스탈린주의 당들의 공동성명에 대한 논평

 

미하엘 프뢰브스팅, 혁명적 공산주의인터내셔널 동맹 (RCIT) 국제서기, 2019 7 3, www.thecommunists.net

 

 

 

다수의 주요 스탈린주의 당들이 최근에 시리아에 관한 공동성명을 발표했다.[1] 아사드 정권에 대한 숨김없는 지지 표명이다. 아사드 가문에 기반을 자본가 독재는 50 동안 시리아를 철권통치 해왔다. 2011 3 시리아에서 인민봉기가 아랍 혁명의 구성부분으로서 시작한 이래 아사드 정권은 권좌를 지키기 위해 수십만 명의 인민을 학살했다.[2]

 

성명서에 이름을 올린 50 서명 단체는 러시아연방 공산당, 사이프러스의 AKEL (진보근로인민당), 브라질·영국·방글라데시·칠레·체코·그리스·이스라엘·포르투갈·터키·미국의 공식 공산당들을 비롯하여 밖에 이란 투데당, 시리아 공산당, 시리아 통합공산당 등이다. 이들 상당수가 자국 국회에 의석을 가지고 있거나 연립정부의 일원으로 있다. 이탈리아 공산당, 독일 공산당, 오스트리아 노동당 같은 작은 그룹들도 서명 단체에 포함되어 있다.[3]

 

성명이 의미 있는 것은 그것이 스탈린주의의 반혁명적 본질을 다시 증명해주고 있기 때문이다. 성명은 기괴한 주장으로 시작한다. "지난 8 동안 시리아 인민은 단호히, 그리고 영웅적으로 조국을 방어했다. 그들은 놀랍고 명예로운 저항을 표출했다. 저항은 그들이 헤아릴 수없는 고통에 처했음에도 불구하고 기간 동안 순간도 멈춘 적이 없다. 저항은 이미 인류의 위대한 역사에서 자리를 차지하고 있다."

 

실제로는, 시리아 인민은 2011 봄과 여름에 아사드 일가의 독재를 끌어내리기 위해 평화적 시위에 나섰다. 이것은 모로코와 튀니지, 리비아, 이집트, 바레인에서 예멘에 이르는 북아프리카 · 중동 일대의 지역적 혁명 과정의 일부였다. 그러나 아사드 폭정은 시위를 바다에 빠뜨리기로 결정했다. 결과 혁명은 정권에 대항하는 내전으로 바뀌었다. 성명에 서명한 스탈린주의 당들이 대중봉기를 비겁하게 중상모략하고 국가 테러 탄압을 영웅적인 조국 방어라고 찬양하는 것을 보면, 이들 스탈린주의 당들의 반인민적 성격이 전형적으로 드러난다.

 

스탈린주의자들의 아사드 정권 지지는 다음과 같은 방식으로도 표현되고 있다. "우리는 시리아의 근로인민 그들의 전위 공산당들과의 깊고 무조건적인 연대를 표한다. "전위 공산당들" 시리아 차원에서 공동성명에 합동 서명한 시리아 공산당과 시리아 통합공산당을 말한다. 당들은 사회주의와 아무 관련도 없다. 그들은 수십 동안 아사드 자본가 독재를 충실하게 지지해왔다. 그들은 집권 국민진보전선 (NPF) 아사드의 바트당이 지배하는 정당 연합 일부로서 의회에 개의 의석을 가지고 있다. 물론 의회는 부르주아적 기준에서도 희화다. 집권 연합 국민진보전선 250 의석 200개를 차지하고 있고, 나머지 의석은 이른바 독립파 보유하고 있다. 아사드의 의회에는 사이비 야당조차도 없다.

 

시리아에 "연대 미션" 보내는 스탈린주의자들의 계획이 아사드 폭정을 응원하는 하나의 치어리더 행각이 것임은 의심의 여지가 없다 .

 

스탈린주의적 위선의 다른 예는 다음과 같은 성명이다. "아래 서명한 공산당 · 노동당으로서 우리는 21세기의 가장 비극 하나를 만든 미국과 동맹국들의 제국주의 개입을 가능한 가장 강력하게 비난한다. (...) 우리는 제국주의 침략의 종식을 요구하며 시리아의 독립과 완전한 주권과 국토의 전일성을 완전히 존중한다. 우리는 시리아의 미래에 관한 결정은 오직 시리아 인민에게 속한다는 것을 다시 강조한다."

 

실로, 제국주의와 동맹국들의 시리아 침공이 지금도 진행되고 있다. 여기에는 "IS 테러리즘" 맞선 투쟁을 구실로 그들이 동부 시리아에서 쿠르드 YPG (인민수비대)/ SDF(시리아 민주군) 군사 지원하고 있는 것도 포함된다. "테러와의 전쟁"이라는 이름하에 서방 제국주의자들은 시리아와 이라크의 수많은 도시들을 파괴했고 (모술과 라카는 거의 말살되었다), 수천 명의 민간인을 죽였다.[4]

 

그러나 스탈린주의자들은 이러한 서방의 침략에 항의한 적이 없다! 오히려 그들은 많은 자유주의자들과 아나키스트들, 사이비 트로츠키주의자들과 더불어 제국주의의 보병대로서의 성격에도 불구하고 YPG/SDF 수미일관 환영했다.[5]

 

아니, 스탈린주의자들에게 이것은 "제국주의 침략" 아니다. 그런 침략은 트럼프가 시리아 정권을 비난하고 로켓포 투척하여 시리아군 창고 파괴하는 걸로 마무리할 일어난다! [6]

 

스탈린주의자들은 또한 2011 이래 시리아의 인민항쟁을 "CIA 음모"이자 "제국주의 대리전"이라고 중상모략하고 있다. 우리가 거듭 보여주었듯이, 제국주의는 결코 봉기자와 반군에게 어떤 유의미한 지원도 없고, 정권에 반대하는 인민혁명에 어떤 관심도 없다.[7]

 

그러나 지금 시리아에는 진행 중인 대대적인 제국주의 침략이 존재한다. 이것은 봉기한 시리아 인민을 상대로 러시아가 벌이고 있는 끝없는 폭격 작전이다. 그러나 놀랍지도 않게, 그러한 군사적 침략은 이들 "근로인민의 수호자들"에게 비난받지 않고, 오히려 환영받고 지지받는다! 우리가 여러 성명과 논설, 책자를 통해 보여 주었듯이, 이들 다수가 러시아의 시리아 군사 개입을 공공연하게 응원하고 있다! 이는 놀라운 일이 아닌데, 왜냐하면 대부분의 스탈린주의자들이 러시아와 중국의 정권은 "반제국주의적"이고 "진보적"이라고 주장하고 있기 때문이다. 결과 그들은 이들 강대국의 정치적·군사적 개입을 지지한다.[8]

 

스탈린주의 당들과 자본주의 · 제국주의 정권들 간의 긴밀한 관계는 스탈린주의 국제회의의 지도부 구성에서도 분명히 드러난다. 6 초에 있은 "공산당 · 노동당 국제회의 집행그룹" 회의에는 중국, 베트남, 쿠바, 남아공, 북한의 집권당들에서 파견된 대표자들이 시리아 성명에 서명한 많은 당들과 함께 출석했다.[9]

 

시리아의 독립과 완전한 주권 찬양하는 스탈린주의자들의 노래에는 황당무계함이 담겨 있다. 사실인 즉슨, 러시아와 이란과 중국에 나라를 팔아먹고 있는 것은 아사드 정권이다. 수십만 병력의 이란 · 러시아 군대를 시리아에 끌어들여 그들에게 육해공 기지를 넘겨준 것이 바로 정권, 아사드 정권이다! [10]

 

우리는 시리아 혁명이 정당한 인민봉기였고, 지금도 그러하다는 것을 다시 재확인하는 것으로 글을 맺는다. RCIT 처음부터 해방전쟁을 지지했으며 지금도 계속 지지하고 있다.[11]

 

대조적으로, 스탈린주의자들의 최근 성명은 스탈린주의 흐름의 철두철미 반혁명적인 성격을 다시 확인시켜 준다. 스탈린주의는 사회주의에 대한 반정립이다. 이들 당은 ·중의 사회제국주의적 지지자이자, 아사드 일족과 같은 자본가 독재의 기수들이다. 국제 노동자 운동 스탈린주의 종양은 완전하게 도려내야 한다!

 

 

 

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[1] 시리아에 관한 공동성명, 2019 6 18, http://solidnet.org/article/Joint-Statement-on-Syria/

 

[2] 이에 대해서는 예를 들어 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: Syria: Who is Responsible for the Civilian Death Toll from March 2011 to September 2018? A Revealing Statistic Shows Who are the Real Terrorists in the Syrian Civil War, 10.10.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/syria-who-is-responsible-for-the-civilian-death-toll-from-march-2011-to-september-2018/

 

[3] 완전한 서명 리스트는 아래의 링크에 있는 성명 말미에서 있다.

 

[4] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Yossi Schwartz: Raqqa: Defeat the US Imperialist Offensive! An assessment of the US/SDF/YPG war against Daesh, April 2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/us-offensive-in-raqqa/; Yossi Schwartz: Down With the New Imperialist Attack on Iraq and Syria! The Renewal of the Imperialist War and the Tasks of the Workers Movement, 2.10.2014, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/us-war-in-iraq-and-syria/

 

[5] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: The Revelations of a U.S. General on Washingtons Allies in Syria. Another Blow to the Stalinist Myths about the Character of Syrian Liberation Fighters and the Role of the Kurdish SDF/YPG, 27.10.2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/revelations-of-u-s-general-on-washington-s-allies-in-syria/; Kissing the Feet of the Saudi Chainsaw-Crown Prince. On the Shameful Response of the Kurdish YPG on the Killing of the Saudi Journalist Kashoggi, 20.10.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/the-shameful-response-of-the-kurdish-ypg-on-the-killing-of-the-saudi-journalist-kashoggi/

 

[6] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. RCIT: Down with Imperialist Warmongering of All Great Powers! Syria attack, Protectionist Tariffs and Salisbury poisoning: Against all imperialist diplomatic, economic and military aggression! In U.S., EU, Russia and China: The Main Enemy is at Home! Support democratic and national liberation struggles of oppressed people! 13.04.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/syria-down-with-imperialist-warmongering-of-all-great-powers/; ISL: On Trumps attack on Syria, 15.04.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/on-trump-s-attack-on-syria/;

 

[7] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: We Worried that the Assad Regime Might Finally Collapse. New revelations about the approach of U.S. imperialism to the Assad regime, 15.05.2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/us-official-we-worried-that-the-assad-regime-might-finally-collapse/; How U.S. Strategists View the Syrian Revolution. Revealing Insights from some Documents of the U.S. Military Intelligence Establishment Another Confirmation of Our Warnings, 25.09.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/how-u-s-strategists-view-the-syrian-revolution/; High-Ranking U.S. Delegation Meets Assads Security Chief. How Big Gangsters and Small Gangsters Negotiate to Get a Deal, 30.08.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/high-ranking-u-s-delegation-meets-assad-s-security-chief/; U.S. Imperialism Wants to Re-Engage with the Assad Tyranny. Comment on an Article by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter published in the New York Times, 28.08.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/u-s-imperialism-wants-to-re-engage-with-the-assad-tyranny/

 

[8] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. chapter XXIV. The Left Facing Great Power Rivalry: Pro-Eastern Social-Imperialists (Stalinists) in Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Lefts Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, January 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; 다음을 보라. part 2 of Michael Pröbsting: Syria and Great Power Rivalry: The Failure of the Left. The bleeding Syrian Revolution and the recent Escalation of Inter-Imperialist Rivalry between the US and Russia A Marxist Critique of Social Democracy, Stalinism and Centrism, 21 April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/

 

[9] CP of Turkey - CP of Greece, Ιn Izmir, the 21st International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties, 12.6.2019 http://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-Turkey-CP-of-Greece-n-Izmir-the-21st-International-Meeting-of-Communist-and-Workers-Parties/

 

[10] 이에 대해서는 예를 들어 다음을 보라. Ahmad Rafat: IRGC Commander Claims 200,000 Iran-backed Troops In Syria, December 31, 2016 https://kayhanlife.com/translated-features/irgc-commander-claims-200000-iran-backed-troops-in-syria/; AFP: Russia says over 63,000 troops have fought in Syria, August 22, 2018, https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-says-over-63-000-troops-fought-syria-141424820.html; see also Michael Pröbsting: 63,000 Troops. Russian Imperialist Forces back up the Reactionary Assad Regime in Syria, 27.08.2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/63-000-russian-troops-in-syria/

 

[11] RCIT 시리아 혁명에 관한 여러 책자와 성명, 논설을 발표했다. 글들을 다음의 웹사이트 별도 하위 섹션에서 읽을 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/collection-of-articles-on-the-syrian-revolution/. 특히 다음을 보라. RCIT: Save the Syrian Revolution! A call for international solidarity with the Syrian people in Idlib suffering from the barbarous onslaught by Assad and Putin! 04 June 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/call-save-the-syrian-revolution/; Michael Pröbsting: Is the Syrian Revolution at its End? Is Third Camp Abstentionism Justified? An essay on the organs of popular power in the liberated area of Syria, on the character of the different sectors of the Syrian rebels, and on the failure of those leftists who deserted the Syrian Revolution, 5 April 2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syrian-revolution-not-dead/; Michael Pröbsting: World Perspectives 2018: A World Pregnant with Wars and Popular Uprisings, February 2018, Chapter V, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/worldperspectives-2018/chapter-v/; Michael Pröbsting: Syria and Great Power Rivalry: The Failure of the Left. The bleeding Syrian Revolution and the recent Escalation of Inter-Imperialist Rivalry between the US and Russia A Marxist Critique of Social Democracy, Stalinism and Centrism, 21 April 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/syria-great-power-rivalry-and-the-failure-of-the-left/.