G-20: Inter-Imperialist Rivalry on the Diplomatic Terrain

 

What do recent developments in the G-20 tell us about Russia’s imperialist character?

 

by Michael Pröbsting, International Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency (RCIT), 23 April 2022, www.thecommunists.net

 

 

 

The RCIT has explained since a number of years that the rivalry between the imperialist powers – the U.S., China, EU, Russia and Japan – is a key feature of world politics. Without recognizing the importance of the Great Power rivalry, without recognizing the imperialist character not only of the old Western powers but also of the new powers – China and Russia – it is impossible to have a correct orientation in the current world situation.

 

The Ukraine War has accelerated the contradictions between the Great Powers. Under these conditions, the RCIT advocates a dual tactic, reflecting the dual character of the current situation. We are in unconditional solidarity with the just war of defense of the Ukrainian people against Putin’s invasion. We call for material aid for the Ukrainian people (including weapons) as well as for workers sanctions against Russia. [1]

 

At the same time, the RCIT opposes all imperialist Great Powers and rejects collaboration with any of these. We do not support any form of diplomatic and economic warfare of one imperialist power against the other (like e.g. economic and financial sanctions). In any confrontation between Great Powers, the RCIT advocates the policy of revolutionary defeatism in both camps. [2]

 

However, in this article we will not deal with the Ukraine War itself and refer readers to our documents on this issue. At this place, we will rather discuss the latest development among the states which are part of the G-20. We are doing so because this development cast a light on the relation of forces between the imperialist powers.

 

 

 

Biden calls for the expulsion of Russia…

 

 

 

First, what is the G-20? It is a global institution of 19 states plus the European Union. Among these are both imperialist powers as well as advanced capitalist semi-colonies. The G-20 members are – in alphabetical order – Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the U.S. and the EU.

 

Given the contradictory interests of the states involved, the G-20 hardly make any collective decisions. They are rather a diplomatic forum in which the state leaders try to advance their influence, negotiate with others, attempt to reach agreements and to push back the influence of rivals. The G-20 summit usually takes place once a year – this time in Indonesia in November – and there are also various other meetings at ministerial level in the course of the year.

 

As a result of the escalation of tensions between the Great Powers against the background of the Ukraine War, US President Biden called one month ago for the removal of Russia from the G-20. [3] The European Union expressed sympathy with this proposal. An EU official is quoted saying: “It has been made very clear to Indonesia that Russia’s presence at forthcoming ministerial meetings would be highly problematic for European countries.” [4]

 

 

 

… but China and other say “No”

 

 

 

Unsurprisingly, Russia opposes its expulsion. However, Moscow is not alone. China – the most important imperialist power beside the U.S. and a strategic partner of the Putin regime – immediately voiced opposition against Biden’s proposal. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin said: “No member has the right to remove another country as a member. The G20 should implement real multilateralism, strengthen unity and cooperation.[5] His boss, Foreign Minister Wang Yi, added a few days later: “No one has the power to divide the G20.” [6]

 

Other states also expressed opposition against the foreign policy of the Western powers against Russia. Saudi Arabia and other Arab states have resisted calls from Washington to scrap their agreements with Moscow on the volumes of oil export at the world market. Brazil and South Africa have been vocal about rejecting measures to remove Russia from the G-20. [7]

 

To expel Russia [from the G-20, Ed.] would only isolate it and make it more difficult to achieve constructive engagement,′ said Clayson Monyela, a spokesman for South Africa’s Department of International Relations and Cooperation. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has blamed NATO for the war in Ukraine. Brazilian Foreign Minister Carlos França also said at a news conference in Brasilia that excluding Russia “doesn’t help us find a solution to the immediate problem that we have.” [8]

 

As a result, the Western imperialists had to drop their plans to expel Russia from the G-20. This has become visible at the recent meeting of finance ministers of the G-20 states which took place on the sidelines of the International Monetary Fund’s spring meetings in Washington. The U.S., Canada and the UK had to limit their protests to staging a walkout of the room when the Russian representative took the word. Representatives of EU refrained even from this form of diplomatic protest. [9]

 

 

 

Reflection of Russia’s imperialist character

 

 

 

Of course, these developments on the terrain of global diplomacy are not of much importance in itself. However, they are relevant insofar as these reflect the relation of forces between the Great Powers. It is certainly true that since the beginning of the Ukraine War, Washington managed to pull closer its European allies and to make them agree to an increasing number of financial and economic sanctions against their Russian rival.

 

However, it would be a gross mistake to imagine that the Western imperialists would have had a similar success on the global scale. As several votes in the UN General Assembly demonstrated, the majority of large countries have neither joined the U.S. diplomatic offensive against Russia nor its policy of sanctions. The recent failure of the U.S. to expel Russia from the G-20 completes this picture. [10]

 

This development is another powerful confirmation of the Marxist analysis that Russia has become an imperialist Great Power. Many Stalinists and centrists continue to claim that Russia is not an imperialist state but rather a “semi-colonial”, “peripheral”, “sub-imperialist”, etc. country. [11] In contrast, the RCIT has elaborated in a number of works that Russia is an imperialist Great Power. [12]

 

We ask our critics: if Russia would be not an imperialist power, how is it possible that the U.S. and the European Union fail to impose their will and to expel Russia from the G-20 body?! And how is it possible that Russia has managed to resist the massive financial and economic pressure of Western sanctions until now?! Is it not evident that Russia is only able to resist this pressure, is only able to mobilize powerful allies for its interests, because it is an imperialist Great Power?!

 

We conclude by repeating that the acceleration of inter-imperialist rivalry is the result of the decline of Western powers and the rise of its rivals in the East – China and Russia. Socialists must support neither one nor the other camp – they have to oppose all imperialist powers. [13]

 

Victory to the Ukrainian people resisting Putin’s invasion!

 

Workers and Oppressed: Down with all Great Powers in East and West!

 

 

 



[1] We refer readers to a special page on our website where more than 60 RCIT documents on the current NATO-Russia conflict and the Ukraine War are compiled: https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/. The most important documents are: RCIT Manifesto: Ukraine War: A Turning Point of World Historic Significance. Socialists must combine the revolutionary defense of the Ukraine against Putin’s invasion with the internationalist struggle against Russian as well as NATO and EU imperialism, 1 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/manifesto-ukraine-war-a-turning-point-of-world-historic-significance/; RCIT: Ukraine War: An Action Program for Authentic Socialists, 1 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/ukraine-war-an-action-program-for-authentic-socialists/; Medina Gunić: A new turning point in Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine, 25 February 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/a-new-turning-point-in-russia-s-invasion-of-the-ukraine/; RCIT: Down with Putin’s Imperialist War against the Ukraine! Neither Russia nor NATO - against all imperialist powers! For an independent popular struggle to defend the Ukraine! For a workers government to defeat the Russian invaders! No to imperialist sanctions! For an independent socialist Ukraine! 24 February 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/down-with-putin-s-imperialist-war-against-the-ukraine/; see also our joint statement with UIT-CI and LIT-CI, https://www.thecommunists.net/rcit/joint-statement-on-ukraine-war-13-3-2022/

[2] The RCIT has dealt on numerous occasions with the inter-imperialist rivalry of the Great Powers. See e.g. the RCIT document: World Perspectives 2021-22: Entering a Pre-Revolutionary Global Situation, 22 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/; see also: RCIT: The Coming Inter-Imperialist War on Taiwan, 10 October 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-coming-inter-imperialist-war-on-taiwan/; The Meaning of the AUKUS Pact. The U.S. escalates the inter-imperialist Cold War against China and provokes the EU, 18 September 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-meaning-of-the-aukus-pact/; Russia Fires Warning Shots against UK Warship in the Black Sea. Down with Cold Warmongering! No support for any imperialist Great Power – neither UK, US nor Russia! 24 June 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/russia-fires-warning-shots-against-uk-warship-in-black-sea/; see also the following book by Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; see also these two pamphlets by the same author: “A Really Good Quarrel”. US-China Alaska Meeting: The Inter-Imperialist Cold War Continues, 23 March 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/us-china-alaska-meeting-shows-continuation-of-inter-imperialist-cold-war/; Servants of Two Masters. Stalinism and the New Cold War between Imperialist Great Powers in East and West, 10 July 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/; for more works on this issue see these sub-pages: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ and https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.

[3] DW: Joe Biden says Russia should be removed from G-20, 24.3.2022, https://www.dw.com/en/joe-biden-says-russia-should-be-removed-from-g-20/a-61251135

[4] Reuters: Ukraine war: China backs Russia to stay in G20 despite invasion, says nobody has right to remove it, 23 March 2022, https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/3171600/china-backs-russia-stay-g20-despite-war-ukraine-says-west-has-no-right?utm_source=rss_feed

[5] Ibid

[6] Liu Zhen: Chinese foreign minister rejects calls for Russia to be kicked out of G20, South China Morning Post, 1 April 2022, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3172797/chinese-foreign-minister-rejects-calls-russia-be-kicked-out?utm_source=rss_feed

[7] German Foreign Policy: Machtprobe bei den G20, 20 April 2022 https://www.german-foreign-policy.com/news/detail/8896

[8] Fatima Hussein, Debora Alvares and Andrew Meldrum: Russia’s standing in G-20 not threatened by Ukraine invasion, Associated Press, 23.4.2022, https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-canada-china-europe-c8b5acfe3b36874385422236e8ad795d

[9] Richard Partington: US, UK and Canada walk out of G20 meeting over war in Ukraine, The Guardian, 20 April 2022 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/20/us-uk-and-canada-walk-out-g20-meeting-war-in-ukraine-russia

[10] See on this e.g. Michael Pröbsting: World Situation: In the Midst of a Global Political Tornado. Notes on global developments characterized by the Ukraine War, inter-imperialist rivalry, global energy and food crisis as well as spontaneous mass protests, 13 April 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-situation-april-2022/

[11] For a critique of the Putinista left see e.g. Michael Pröbsting: Putin’s Poodles (Apologies to All Dogs). The pro-Russian Stalinist parties and their arguments in the current NATO-Russia Conflict, 9 February 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/nato-russia-conflict-stalinism-as-putin-s-poodles/; see also by the same author: Servants of Two Masters. Stalinism and the New Cold War between Imperialist Great Powers in East and West, 10 July 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/; One-sided and Naïve … at Best! A joint call by the friends of Chinese imperialism and the daydreamers of well-meaning global capitalism, 31 March 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/joint-call-by-friends-of-chinese-imperialism-and-the-daydreamers/; Stalinist and “Trotskyist” Supporters of Chinese Imperialism under the Fig-Leaf of “Anti-Imperialism”. A commentary on the statement “No to U.S. war threats against China!” by the “United National Antiwar Coalition” in the U.S., 4 April 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/stalinist-and-trotskyist-supporters-of-chinese-imperialism-under-the-fig-leaf-of-anti-imperialism/

[12] The RCIT has published numerous documents about capitalism in Russia and its rise to an imperialist power. See on this e.g. several pamphlets by Michael Pröbsting: The Peculiar Features of Russian Imperialism. A Study of Russia’s Monopolies, Capital Export and Super-Exploitation in the Light of Marxist Theory, 10 August 2021, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/; by the same author: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire – A Reply to our Critics, 18 March 2014, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 21, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/; Russian Imperialism and Its Monopolies, in: New Politics Vol. XVIII No. 4, Whole Number 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/ (the same essay has been republished by International Viewpoint, 21. April 2022, https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article7618); Once Again on Russian Imperialism (Reply to Critics). A rebuttal of a theory which claims that Russia is not an imperialist state but would be rather “comparable to Brazil and Iran”, 30 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/once-again-on-russian-imperialism-reply-to-critics/. See various other RCIT documents on this issue at a special sub-page on the RCIT’s website: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/.

[13] See e.g. RCIT: Theses on Revolutionary Defeatism in Imperialist States, 8 September 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/theses-on-revolutionary-defeatism-in-imperialist-states/

 

G-20: 외교 지형에서의 제국주의 간 패권경쟁

최근 G20에서의 사태발전은 러시아의 제국주의 성에 대해 우리에게 무엇을 말해주는가?

 

미하엘 프뢰브스팅, 혁명적 공산주의인터내셔널 동맹 (RCIT) 국제서기, 2022 4 23, www.thecommunists.net

 

 

 

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혁명적 공산주의인터내셔널 동맹 (RCIT) 여러해 전부터 미국, 중국, EU, 러시아, 일본 제국주의 강대국들 간의 패권경쟁이 시기 세계정치의 핵심 특징이라고 설명해왔다. 강대국 패권쟁투의 중요성을 인식함이 없이는, 기존 서방 열강뿐만 아니라 새로운 열강, 중국과 러시아의 제국주의적 성격을 인식함이 없이는 세계정세에서 올바른 투쟁방향을 갖는 것은 불가능하다.

 

우크라이나 전쟁은 강대국들 모순을 가속화시켰다. 이러한 조건 속에서 RCIT 상황의 이중적 성격을 반영하여 이중 전술을 제창한다. 우리는 푸틴의 침공에 대항하여 우크라이나 인민의 정의의 방위전쟁에 조건 없이 연대한다. 우리는 우크라이나 인민에 대한 물질적 원조 (무기를 포함하여) 함께 러시아에 대한 노동자 제재를 촉구한다.[1]

 

동시에, RCIT 모든 제국주의 강대국들에 반대하고 어느 강대국과의 협력도 거부한다. 우리는 제국주의 열강의 다른 제국주의 열강에 대한 어떤 형태의 외교·경제 전쟁 (경제·금융 제재 같은) 지지하지 않는다. 강대국 간의 어느 대결에서도 RCIT 진영 모두에서의 혁명적 패배주의 정책을 제창한다.[2]

 

글에서는 우크라이나 전쟁 자체를 다루지 않을 것이며 독자들에게는 문제에 대한 우리의 문서들을 참조할 것을 권한다. 여기서는 독자들에게 G-20 속한 국가들 사이에서 전개되고 있는 가장 최근의 사태발전에 대해 주목을 촉구하고자 하는데, 왜냐하면 사태전개가 시기 제국주의 열강 세력관계를 조명하는 빛을 던져주고 있기 때문이다.

 

 

 

바이든이 러시아의 축출을 요구하다...

 

먼저, G-20 무엇인가? 그것은 19 국가 + EU(유럽연합) 구성된 글로벌 기구다. 중에는 제국주의 열강들뿐만 아니라 선진 자본주의 반식민지 나라들도 있다. 알파벳 순으로 G-20 회원국은 아르헨티나, 호주, 브라질, 영국, 캐나다, 중국, 프랑스, 독일, 인도, 인도네시아, 이탈리아, 일본, 멕시코, 러시아, 사우디아라비아, 남아공, 한국, 터키, 미국, EU.

 

관련 국가들의 모순된 이해관계를 감안할 , G20 집단적인 결정을 거의 내리지 않는다. 보다는, 국가 정상들이 그들의 영향력을 증진시키고 다른 정상들과 협상하는 일종의 외교 포럼으로서 속에서 합의에 도달하고 경쟁국의 영향력을 밀어내려는 시도를 펼친다. G20 정상회담은 보통 1년에 열리며 이번에는 11월에 인도네시아에서 동안 각종 장관급 회담도 열린다.

 

우크라이나 전쟁을 배경으로 강대국 긴장이 고조되면서, 미국 바이든은 G20에서 러시아의 퇴출을 요구했다.[3] 유럽연합은 제안에 공감을 표시했다. 다음과 같은 EU 관리의 말이 언론에 인용된 있다. "러시아가 있을 각료회의에 참석하는 것은 유럽 나라들에게 매우 문제가 것이라는 것을 인도네시아에 분명히 했다."[4]

 

 

 

... 그러나 중국을 비롯하여 여럿이 No”라고 말하다

 

당연히, 러시아는 자신의 제명에 반대한다. 그러나 러시아는 혼자가 아니다. 미국 외에 가장 중요한 제국주의 열강이자 푸틴 정권의 전략적 파트너인 중국은 바이든의 제안에 즉각 반대 목소리를 냈다. 왕원빈 중국 외교부 대변인은 다음과 같이 말했다. “어떤 회원국도 다른 회원국을 제명할 권리가 없다. G20 진정한 다자주의를 구현하고 통합과 협력을 강화해야 한다.”[5] 그의 상관인 왕이 외교부장은 며칠 이렇게 덧붙였다. "누구도 G20 분열시킬 힘을 가지고 있지 않다."[6]

 

다른 국가들도 러시아에 대한 서방 열강의 대외정책에 대한 반대 입장을 표명했다. 사우디아라비아를 비롯한 밖의 아랍 국가들은 러시아와 맺은 세계 석유 수출량 합의를 파기하라는 미국의 요구를 거부했다. 브라질과 남아공은 G-20에서 러시아를 제명하려는 조치에 대해 거부하는 목소리를 높였다.[7]

 

클레이슨 모니엘라 남아공 국제관계협력부 대변인은 러시아를 G-20에서 추방하는 것은 러시아를 고립시켜 건설적인 개입을 이루는 것을 더욱 어렵게 이라고 말했다. 시릴 라마포사 남아공 대통령은 우크라이나 전쟁의 책임을 나토에 돌렸다. 카를로스 프랑수아 브라질 외무장관도 브라질리아에서 가진 기자회견에서 러시아를 배제하는 것은 우리가 당면한 문제에 대한 해결책을 찾는데 도움이 되지 않는다 말했다.”[8]

 

결과, 서방 제국주의자들은 G-20에서 러시아를 축출하려던 계획을 포기해야 했다. 이는 최근 워싱턴에서 열린 IMF 회의와는 별도로 열린 G-20 국가 재무장관 회의에서 특히 두드러지게 나타났다. 미국, 캐나다, 영국은 러시아 대표가 앞질러서 말했을 회의장에서 퇴장하는 것으로 그들의 항의를 제한해야만 했다. EU 대표들은 이런 형태의 외교적 항의조차 자제했다.[9]

 

 

 

러시아의 제국주의 성을 비쳐주는 사건

 

물론, 외교 지형에서의 이러한 사태발전은 자체로는 그리 중요하지 않다. 그러나 이러한 것들이 강대국들 관계를 반영하는 한에서 유의미한 현실 관련성이 있다. 우크라이나 전쟁 시작 이래로 미국이 유럽 동맹들을 끌어당겨 러시아에 대한 점점 많은 금융·경제 제재에 동의하도록 만들 있었던 것은 확실히 사실이다.

 

그러나 서방 제국주의자들이 글로벌 규모에서도 그와 비슷한 성공을 거두었을 걸로 상상하는 것은 착각이다. 유엔 총회에서 여러 표결이 보여주었듯이, 대다수의 나라들은 미국의 대러 외교 공세나 제재 정책에 동참하지 않았다. 그림을 완성하는 마침표가 다름 아닌 G20에서 러시아를 축출하는 실패한 사건이다.[10]

 

사건은 러시아가 제국주의 강대국이 되었다는 맑스주의적 분석의 다른 강력한 확인이다. 많은 스탈린주의자들과 중도주의자들은 러시아가 제국주의 국가가 아니라 신식민지” “주변부 자본주의”, 또는 ()제국주의 나라라는 주장을 계속 이어가고 있다.[11] 반대로, 우리 혁명적 공산주의자들은 러시아가 제국주의 강대국이라는 것을 많은 문서 (책자, 팜플렛, 논설, 성명, 기사 )에서 상세히 설명해왔다.[12]

 

우리는 비판자들에게 묻는다. 러시아가 제국주의 강대국이 아니라면, 미국과 유럽연합이 그들의 의지를 관철하지 못해서 러시아를 G-20에서 축출하는 실패하는 것이 어떻게 가능한가?! 그리고 러시아가 지금까지 서방의 제재로 인한 엄청난 금융·경제 압력에 맞서고 받아치는 것이 어떻게 가능했을까?! 러시아가 제국주의 강대국이라는 바로 사실로 인해 이러한 압력에 맞받아칠 있었고, 자신의 이익에 강력한 동맹들을 동원할 있었다는 것은 분명하지 않은가?!

 

제국주의 패권경쟁의 가속화는 서방 열강의 쇠퇴와 라이벌 ·러의 대국 굴기의 결과라는 것을 다시 강조하는 것으로 글을 맺는다. 사회주의자들은 어느 진영도 지지하지 말아야 한다. 사회주의자들은 모든 제국주의 열강에 반대해야 한다.[13]

 

* 푸틴의 침공에 맞서는 우크라이나 인민에게 승리를!

 

* 노동자·피억압자여! 서방 진영과 · 진영 모든 제국주의 열강을 타도하자!

 

 

 

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[1] 우크라이나 전쟁과 나토-러시아 분쟁에 관한 60 편의 RCIT 문서가 다음의 우리 웹사이트 특별 페이지에 수록되어 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/compilation-of-documents-on-nato-russia-conflict/. 가장 중요한 다음 문서들을 보라. < [RCIT 선언문] 우크라이나 전쟁: 세계사적 의의를 갖는 전환점에서 사회주의자들의 임무> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/manifesto-ukraine-war-a-turning-point-of-world-historic-significance/#anker_1; RCIT: Ukraine War: An Action Program for Authentic Socialists, 1 March 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/ukraine-war-an-action-program-for-authentic-socialists/; Medina Gunić: <러시아의 우크라이나 침공에서 전환점> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/a-new-turning-point-in-russia-s-invasion-of-the-ukraine/#anker_4; RCIT: <우크라이나에 대한 푸틴의 제국주의 전쟁을 타도하자!> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/down-with-putin-s-imperialist-war-against-the-ukraine/#anker_6

 

[2] RCIT 강대국들의 제국주의 패권 경쟁을 여러 차례 다루었다. 예를 들어 다음을 보라. <세계 정세전망 2021-22: 혁명적 세계정세 진입> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2021-22/#anker_14; 다음도 보라. RCIT: <다가오는 제국주의 대만 전쟁 - · 강대국 모두에 대항하는 혁명적 패전주의> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-coming-inter-imperialist-war-on-taiwan/#anker_2; <오커스 조약의 의미 - 미국이 중국과의 제국주의 냉전을 고조시키고 EU 자극하다> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/the-meaning-of-the-aukus-pact/#anker_3/; <러시아가 흑해에서 영국 군함에 경고사격하고. 영국은 사태를 부인, 축소하려 하다> https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/russia-fires-warning-shots-against-uk-warship-in-black-sea/#anker_1/; 다음 책도 보라. Michael Pröbsting: <<강대국 패권쟁투 시대에 반제국주의>> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/book-anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; 다음 팜플렛도 보라. Michael Pröbsting: <제국주의 냉전은 어떻게 바이든 하에서도 계속되고 있나> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/us-china-cold-war-continues-after-alaska-meeting/; < 주인을 섬기는 시종 - 스탈린주의와 제국주의 신냉전> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/#anker_10; 문제에 관한 많은 문서들을 다음 링크로 들어가서 있다.: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/ https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/global/collection-of-articles-on-the-global-trade-war/.

 

[3] DW: Joe Biden says Russia should be removed from G-20, 24.3.2022, https://www.dw.com/en/joe-biden-says-russia-should-be-removed-from-g-20/a-61251135

 

[4] Reuters: Ukraine war: China backs Russia to stay in G20 despite invasion, says nobody has right to remove it, 23 March 2022, https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/3171600/china-backs-russia-stay-g20-despite-war-ukraine-says-west-has-no-right?utm_source=rss_feed

 

[5] 같은

 

[6] Liu Zhen: Chinese foreign minister rejects calls for Russia to be kicked out of G20, South China Morning Post, 1 April 2022, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3172797/chinese-foreign-minister-rejects-calls-russia-be-kicked-out?utm_source=rss_feed

 

[7] German Foreign Policy: Machtprobe bei den G20, 20 April 2022 https://www.german-foreign-policy.com/news/detail/8896

 

[8] Fatima Hussein, Debora Alvares and Andrew Meldrum: Russia’s standing in G-20 not threatened by Ukraine invasion, Associated Press, 23.4.2022, https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-canada-china-europe-c8b5acfe3b36874385422236e8ad795d

 

[9] Richard Partington: US, UK and Canada walk out of G20 meeting over war in Ukraine, The Guardian, 20 April 2022 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/20/us-uk-and-canada-walk-out-g20-meeting-war-in-ukraine-russia

 

[10] 이에 대해서는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: World Situation: In the Midst of a Global Political Tornado. Notes on global developments characterized by the Ukraine War, inter-imperialist rivalry, global energy and food crisis as well as spontaneous mass protests, 13 April 2022, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-situation-april-2022/

 

[11] 푸틴주의 좌파에 대한 비판으로는 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: <푸틴의 푸들들 - 나토-러시아 분쟁에서 친러 스탈린주의 당들> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/nato-russia-conflict-stalinism-as-putin-s-poodles/#anker_12; 다음도 보라. 같은 저자: < 주인을 섬기는 시종 - 스탈린주의와 제국주의 신냉전> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/servants-of-two-masters-stalinism-and-new-cold-war/#anker_10; <중국 제국주의의 벗들은 어떻게 착한 글로벌 자본주의 꿈꾸고 있는가> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/one-sided-and-naive-call-by-pacifists-and-chinese-social-imperialists/

 

[12] RCIT 러시아 자본주의와 러시아의 제국주의 강대국 부상에 대한 많은 문서를 발표했다. 다음을 보라. Michael Pröbsting: <러시아 제국주의의 특색> https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/the-peculiar-features-of-russian-imperialism/#anker_6; 같은 저자: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism. Another Reply to Our Critics Who Deny Russia’s Imperialist Character, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire A Reply to our Critics, 18 March 2014, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 21, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/; Russian Imperialism and Its Monopolies, in: New Politics Vol. XVIII No. 4, Whole Number 72, Winter 2022, https://newpol.org/issue_post/russian-imperialism-and-its-monopolies/. 문제에 관한 여러 다른 RCIT 문서들이 다음의 RCIT 웹사이트 상의 별도 하위 페이지에 있다. https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/

 

[13] 다음을 보라. RCIT: <제국주의 국가에서의 혁명적 패전주의에 관한 테제> https://www.thecommunists.net/home/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4/theses-on-revolutionary-defeatism-in-imperialist-states/